Tomato Problems

By Pat Curran

Question:

I have spotty leaves and green tomatoes, not red ones .  How can I do better next year?

Answer:

Despite being a favorite ‘vegetable,’ tomatoes have their problems.  Recently, late blight was reported in the area of Rt. 79 east, and then at the Cornell research farm near Freeville.  Late blight fungus was responsible for the Irish potato famine that killed a million people and caused many to emigrate, rather than starve.  It destroyed the storage potatoes as well as the plants in the fields.

late blight
Phytophthora infestans
Gerald Holmes

Several years ago, we had an outbreak of late blight that was atypically early, due to infected tomato transplants at the big box stores.  Normally, late blight appears later in the growing season.  It can wipe out farm fields of potatoes and tomatoes, as well as home gardens.  Usually late blight overwinters only on living plant tissue such as potatoes left in the ground.  It will not overwinter on frozen tomato plants, stakes, labels, or in the soil itself (yet).  However, it is important to remove infected plants so as not to spread the disease.  

Cornell researchers are hard at work, developing tomatoes varieties resistant to late blight.  Several Tompkins County Master Gardeners are trialing ‘Iron Lady’ tomato this year.

So what about early leaf spots?  Early blight and septoria are two fungus diseases that typically appear earlier in the season.  These fungus diseases DO overwinter in the soil, so we recommend crop rotation.  Tomatoes and potatoes are in the same plant family, so that is not a true rotation.  For a list of vegetable plant families, please contact the GrowLine horticultural hotline for “Rotating Plants by Family.”

Septoria on Tomato

Paul Bachi

Other tomato problems include fungus diseases, verticillium and fusarium, and nematodes.  Many tomato varieties are labeled ‘VFN’, indicating resistance to these problems.  Heirloom tomatoes may or may not have resistance, but seed companies don’t usually run tests to determine this.

Another frequent tomato problem which we don’t seem to have this year, is blossom end rot.  This black blotch at the bottom of the tomato is caused by a calcium deficiency, which in turn is caused by uneven watering, which impairs calcium uptake by the roots.  We see it more in dry years when gardeners either don’t water enough or often enough, or don’t apply mulch.  If I plant deeply in my clay soil amended with organic matter, and mulch with rotten leaves, I never see blossom end rot.

Cool nights are to blame for the lack of ripe tomatoes this year.  Try draping row cover over the plants to trap and retain some more heat.  Let’s hope for warm weather in September!

Ask a Gardener appears weekly in The Journal during the growing season. For answers to other garden, lawn, landscape and pest questions, call Cooperative Extension at 607-272-2292 or email: growline1@gmail.com. This article was written by Patricia Curran, horticulture program manager at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County. 

What To Do in the Garden This Month

By Jean Gerow

Whew!  Fall is right around the corner and we find ourselves busy harvesting, canning, freezing and generally enjoying the bounty of another great year in the garden.  As you enjoy Labor Day celebrations, take a few minutes and walk through your gardens.  Enjoy the beauty you have created (with a little help from Mother Nature!!) and actually smell some flowers.  Roses are my favorite but any will do.  Watch out for small bees and crab spiders: it's a busy time for them as well!!!

Here are a few tasks to do this month.

• Cool nights and ample precipitation mean it is time to fertilize your lawn.
• Early September is an excellent time to sow grass seeds.  Be sure to water the area seeded frequently so it grows in well.
• Pick your warm season veggies before frost hits.  This includes squash, melons, tomatoes, eggplants and peppers.  
• Pumpkins and gourds should be ready now.  Store in a dry, cool cellar after washing with a weak bleach solution to retard mold.
• Pick herbs on a cool, dry morning for drying or freezing.
• Sow lettuces and mixed greens for harvest later in the season.
• Turn your compost pile.
• Begin planting spring flowering bulbs in your flower beds.
• Divide your day lilies and give some to your friends. 
• Divide and plant spring blooming perennials now, especially if they haven't been divided in 3 or more years.  These make fabulous gifts for your gardening buddies!
• Remove spent annuals.
• Houseplants that have been kept outside should get a good washing before bringing in the house.  Check their pots for ants, spiders, or any insect you do not want in your house. 
• Later in the month, begin planting your garlic for next year.  

August Gardening Update

By Pat Curran

Question:

What’s doing well in our area this summer?

Answer:

The only consistent thing about upstate NY weather is its inconsistency!  After several overnight temps in the lower forties, here’s a report on veggies and flowers.

Tomatoes are slow to produce and ripen this summer.  Here’s the latest from Cornell plant pathologist Tom Zitter (via e-mail Tues. evening).  He reports tomato late blight that he observed in his garden just off Rt. 79 in the Town of Ithaca.  He advises homeowners to harvest any fruit that is starting to show color, unless they plan to spray, or they are growing the new resistant varieties.  There will be “perfect conditions for late blight” due to the cool damp weather.

late blight
Phytophthora infestans
Gerald Holmes

Although tomatoes have been producing barely enough for a couple of salads each week, some adjacent veggies (growing in large containers in the hottest, sunniest exposure available at my cool country location) have surpassed expectations.  ‘Swallow’ eggplant is a slender purple eggplant that never gets bitter.  The first fruit arrived around July 10^th, and the plants are loaded with more.  This is also a very attractive plant, suitable for mixing with ornamentals, with its purple-flushed foliage and large purple flowers.  Cover the young plants with row cover until they get big enough to outgrow fleabeetle damage. 

 ‘Jimmy Nardello’ sweet pepper is an heirloom skinny frying type that appears to ignore cool nights.  Even last year when planted in the ground, it produced lots of peppers for freezing.  Basil is growing well, also in containers (I like to take a few plants in for growing at a sunny windowsill during the winter).  The okra?  Lots of flowerbuds, but little fruit set so far.  The broccoli in the veggie garden looks good.  This would have been a good season to plant snap peas late in May, but I didn’t because they fade away in hot weather.  Had I known!

As for flowers, daylilies are blooming longer than usual, as they tend to do with lots of moisture.  Perennial phlox and beebalm also appreciate the extra rain.  Cardinal flower is in bloom now in damp light shade.  Clethra, summersweet, a fragrant and very adaptable native shrub, is flourishing too.  Look for the pink variety ‘Ruby Spice.’

hydrangea
Hydrangea spp. 
Photo by Karen Snover-Clift

Hydrangeas are looking good, if they are the types that bloom on the current season’s growth.  ‘Quickfire’ is an earlier-blooming paniculata hydrangea with pinker blooms; ‘Limelight’ blooms a little later with green-tinged clusters.  ‘Annabelle’ and pink ‘Invincibelle Spirit,’ cultivars of the native Hydrangea arborescens, are very handsome.  Hydrangeas that carry their flowerbuds on last season’s growth may have been killed to the ground by last winter’s weather – so no flowers this year.

Ask a Gardener appears weekly in The Journal during the growing season. For answers to other garden, lawn, landscape and pest questions, call Cooperative Extension at 607-272-2292 or email: growline1@gmail.com. This article was written by Patricia Curran, horticulture program manager at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County.

Time to Think about Spring-Flowering Bulbs

By Pat Curran

Question: Which spring-flowering bulbs are easy and reliable?

Answer:

It’s barely August, but yes, it’s time to think about where to add spring bulbs to the garden.  Having returned from vacation, I have been busy weeding the flower and shrub beds.  I have never seen Narcissus (daffodil) foliage still green in early August before.   I have been ruthlessly cutting it down while I weed and mulch.  However, lingering Narcissus foliage is something to consider.  It’s often green until early July, and one is not supposed to tie it up or remove it before then.  It’s not really unsightly, but it certainly makes maintenance harder.  Now I am paying even more attention to bulbs that mature their foliage quickly.

Puschkinia, 2014

Early spring bulbs that naturalize (spread by seed) well and go dormant soon after blooming include Siberian squill (closest to a true blue, and also available in white), glory-of-the snow (lavender-blue, pink, or white), and Puschkinia (white flowers with turquoise stripes).  These are all small plants suitable for the front of the border.  If you have a shady lawn under deciduous trees, they will do well there planted in the thin grass.   Anemone blanda is a delightful little naturalizer.  Flowers in blue/purple, pink, or white, attractive ferny foliage, long bloom time, and animal resistance all combine to make it a great edging for a flower bed.  Grecian windflower is not a true bulb; instead, it has odd-shaped dark little tubers.  Soak them briefly in warm water before planting, and don’t worry about which side of the tubers is up.

Spanish bluebell is a late spring bloomer that multiplies well.  Tolerant of partial shade, it blooms in lavender-blue, pink, or white.  Like most bulbs, it is more effective in the landscape in groups of a single color.  When I moved a Hosta last year, I was just stunned by the number of nearby bluebell bulbs I found.  The taxonomists keep changing the scientific name, but the most recent version is Hyacinthoides hispanica.

Fritillaria meleagris, the checkered lily or guinea hen flower, is a small plant with narrow inconspicuous foliage.  The flowers are drooping bells either in mauve with a checkerboard effect, or all white.  Plant this one where it will be easily seen up close.  Native to western Europe, the checkered lily is happy in partial shade and will also naturalize.  The bulbs, however, are delicate, relatively soft and fleshy.  Plant them immediately as they are prone to drying out.

Look for Narcissus ‘Hawera,’ a smaller variety.  A charming May bloomer, its narrow leaves go dormant relatively quickly.   Plant in the front where it can be appreciated.

Ask a Gardener appears weekly in The Journal during the growing season. For answers to other garden, lawn, landscape and pest questions, call Cooperative Extension at 607-272-2292 or email: growline1@gmail.com. This article was written by Patricia Curran, horticulture program manager at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County.

Good Bugs

By Tracy McLellan, Master Gardener Volunteer

Question: What can I do to encourage beneficial insects in my garden?

Answer: We tend to notice the insects that damage our plants.  However the vast majority of insects and related animals called arthropods are either harmless or beneficial.  They perform the useful functions of pollination, predation, parasitism, and decomposition.

Bees and some flies transfer pollen from one flower to another, ensuring that the plants produce fruit. Pollination is particularly important for fruit trees and squash plants.  

Familiar and easily seen, ladybugs and praying mantises are predators on other insects that eat plants.  Spiders, centipedes and green lacewings are predacious and can devour pests. Ladybug and lacewing larvae look similar, rather like striped worms.  Both prey on aphids, sucking insects with soft bodies that are common on many kinds of plants. 

Tiny parasitoid wasps and some types of flies lay their eggs in the bodies of other insects and digest them from the inside. Parasitoids are often highly specific to one host animal, so they might help out with only one pest species.

 

Ichneumonid parasitoid wasps
Enicospilus spp.
Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi

We can provide beneficial insects with a good home by making our gardens comfortable for them throughout the season they are active.  Provide flowers for pollinators at times in addition to when our fruit trees and vegetable plants need them, and plant those flowers close to those plants.  Provide food plants for the other life stages, which might eat leaves when they are juveniles and visit flowers when they are adults. Flowers in the carrot (parsley) and daisy families are good hosts for pollinators. Cover crops such as buckwheat and clover are great if you have enough space.  Have water available at all times.  Use straw mulch or leave pulled weeds on the soil surface, as long as the weeds do not have seeds, to give insects places to hide from their predators.

A high diversity of plants provides a variety of habitats and food sources.  That means lots of different varieties within species, and a large number of species.  Many different plant types, from ground hugging to shrubs and trees, encourage good insects.  Mixing plantings of vegetables, ornamental, trees and shrubs is a great way to provide good homes for good bugs and makes for an interesting garden. A huge, closely mown lawn does nothing to enhance the good insects in your garden.

If you do use insecticides, do not spray everything heavily, but focus on the infestation you are aiming to eliminate.  Even the less toxic, organically approved insecticides are broad spectrum and will kill most insects, including those that it would be good to keep around.

For more information on beneficial insects, visit the Cornell Garden-Based Learning website:

Beneficial Insects 

What to do in the Garden this Month

By Jean Gerow 

The "dog days" of summer are here. The Romans called this time of the year the "dog days" because the star Sirius rose right before sunrise at this time.  Sirius is the brightest star of the constellation Canis Major ~ the large dog.  As time has passed, the rotation of the stars has shifted and we no longer see Sirius rise before sunrise during summer.  However, the name stuck.  

The Romans sacrificed a small brown dog at this time to keep Sirius happy.  A mad Sirius caused hot, dry weather: a happy Sirius gave the Romans a nice, tolerable summer.  Rather than sacrificing a small brown dog, let's just give thanks for the bounty of our gardens and the beauty they provide.  Take time during your day to send appreciative thoughts out to your garden and the stars.  Who know, maybe Sirius will bring us wonderful weather!

What to do in the garden this month:

• Keep watering your new woodies.
• Weed, weed, deadhead and weed some more.
• Scout local nurseries for great bargains and talk to your gardening friends and trade plants.
• When planting new perennials, water the planting hole before you plant, then water again after planting and mulch your new plant well.
• Use the hot dry weather to tend to garden structures that need paint, repair or staining.
• Continue to photograph your garden and individual plants, recording in your journal what you love and any ideas you have for next season.
• Water and fertilize your container plants.  Pinch petunias and other flowering plants back to encourage more blooms.
• Later in the month, install trunk protectors on trees to keep bucks from rubbing their antlers on them in the fall.
• Harvest tomatoes regularly.  Visit your veggie garden daily to harvest, weed, and look for pests.  Squash, pole beans, cucumbers all respond from regular picking by producing more produce.
• Day-neutral strawberries may produce another crop if regularly watered.
• August 10 is the target date for your last planting of broccoli and cauliflower transplants as well as seeding of lettuce, spinach, and turnips. 
• Late August, pinch melon and winter squash vines back after they have set all the fruit that can mature in time.
• Early potatoes can be harvested.  If early blight is nearby, definitely harvest now!
• Check your fencing and make repairs as necessary.  Your gardens should look fabulous both to you AND to the deer, rabbits and groundhogs nearby. :)
• Turn your compost pile (or at least keep adding to it!!)

Ahhh, keep your tools sharp and your mulch pile growing - enjoy the bounty of your garden.  

Plant Sex, And Why It Matters

By Pat Curran

Q:  I’ve heard that holly plants are either male or female.  Can you explain this?

A:  Holly plants are indeed either male or female.  The term for this is ‘dioecious.’  The female holly needs pollen from the male holly’s flowers to fertilize her flowers to produce fruit.  (An occasional ‘perfect’ flower, i.e. with all the reproductive parts, may produce a fruit.)  The most common evergreen hollies we grow are the hybrid ‘blue’ hollies, developed by Mrs. Meserve in NYS.  They are hardy to zone 5 and prefer an east or northeast exposure.  This winter, my ‘Blue Princess’ holly experienced leaf browning to an extent unprecedented in 20 years.  However, vigorous new growth is emerging from the dormant buds under the bark.  If you are uncertain whether a branch is dead, scratch the bark gently and look for the green that will indicate life.  Dormant buds take time to develop, however, so don’t give up hope too soon.

common winterberry
Ilex verticillata 
Fruit(s)
Photo by Rob Routledge

Other woody species may also be dioecious.  Bayberry, spicebush, and fringetree are three dioecious native shrubs.  While their fruits are very attractive to birds, it is difficult to buy a shrub of known sex.  Winterberry is a native deciduous holly with red fruits on leafless stems in late fall and winter, often in wet areas.  On a recent garden trip in southeast PA, we observed winterberry in bloom.  It was quite easy to distinguish the sex of the flowers – no hand lens needed.  A quick visit to the nursery may be in order, if the potted shrubs are mature enough to flower.

So what is the purpose of the dioecious condition?  Well, just like with people, it insures that genetic recombination happens, rather than self-pollination.  The male and female plants are genetically different in many more ways than their sex.  Genetic recombination of traits is an evolutionary safeguard.  As growing conditions vary, some plants will be better adapted than others.  Vegetative reproduction may be more efficient, but it is riskier when growing conditions change.

lily
Lilium spp. 
Flower(s)
Photo by Lesley Ingram

Plant sex is much more varied than animal sex.  Plants may have ‘perfect’ flowers with all the reproductive parts, or they may have separate male and female flowers, but on the same plant.

There are also other mechanisms to prevent self-pollination.  Male and female flower parts may mature at different times, but even if they mature at the same time, self-pollination may be prevented.  Apples, for instance, need not just another apple tree, but a different apple tree, for pollination to occur.  Not all apple or pear varieties pollinate one another, either.  Always check the pollination requirements before selecting fruit plants.

Ask a Gardener appears weekly in The Journal during the growing season. For answers to other garden, lawn, landscape and pest questions, call Cooperative Extension at 607-272-2292 or email: growline1@gmail.com. This article was written by Patricia Curran, horticulture program manager at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County.